Unemployment is a critical indicator of a country’s economic health. In 2024, global unemployment rates vary significantly, reflecting differences in political stability, economic development, and labor market structures. Using data from the World Bank, this report highlights the countries with the highest and lowest unemployment rates around the world.
Countries with the Highest Unemployment Rates (2024)
These nations are grappling with serious employment challenges, often tied to economic instability, conflict, or structural labor issues:
In many of these countries, unemployment reflects broader socio-political challenges, limited industrial development, and lack of access to quality education or job training programs.
Countries with the Lowest Unemployment Rates (2024)
On the flip side, a number of countries continue to maintain impressively low unemployment levels:
Low unemployment in these countries can be attributed to various factors, including large informal economies, underemployment not captured in data, and demographic structures with younger populations.
Historical Unemployment Rate by Country from 1991-2024:
| Country | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aruba | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Africa Eastern and Southern | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 7.8 |
| Afghanistan | 8.1 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 13.3 |
| Africa Western and Central | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.2 |
| Angola | 16.9 | 17.0 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 17.0 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 16.8 | 16.6 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 16.6 | 16.6 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 15.8 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 14.5 |
| Albania | 10.3 | 30.0 | 25.3 | 20.8 | 14.6 | 13.9 | 16.9 | 20.0 | 20.8 | 19.0 | 18.6 | 17.9 | 17.0 | 16.3 | 16.0 | 15.6 | 16.0 | 13.1 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 15.9 | 18.1 | 17.2 | 15.4 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.3 |
| Andorra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arab World | 11.9 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 12.5 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 9.5 |
| United Arab Emirates | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
| Argentina | 5.4 | 6.4 | 10.1 | 11.8 | 18.8 | 17.1 | 14.8 | 12.7 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 17.3 | 19.6 | 15.4 | 13.5 | 11.5 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 7.9 |
| Armenia | 1.8 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 9.3 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 17.1 | 19.3 | 19.5 | 18.9 | 17.5 | 16.6 | 17.5 | 18.3 | 17.6 | 17.7 | 19.0 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 15.5 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 13.3 |
| American Samoa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australia | 9.6 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 9.7 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.1 |
| Austria | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.4 |
| Azerbaijan | 0.9 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 7.2 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
| Burundi | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Belgium | 7.0 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Benin | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| Burkina Faso | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| Bangladesh | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.7 |
| Bulgaria | 11.1 | 15.3 | 16.4 | 12.8 | 11.1 | 12.5 | 13.7 | 12.2 | 14.1 | 16.2 | 19.9 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 12.0 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.1 |
| Bahrain | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
| Bahamas, The | 12.2 | 14.8 | 12.7 | 13.8 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 9.1 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 14.0 | 16.2 | 13.8 | 12.0 | 12.7 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 8.5 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 17.6 | 18.5 | 19.5 | 20.4 | 21.1 | 21.7 | 22.4 | 23.3 | 24.3 | 25.2 | 26.3 | 27.3 | 28.4 | 29.3 | 30.2 | 31.1 | 29.0 | 23.4 | 24.1 | 27.3 | 27.6 | 28.0 | 27.5 | 27.5 | 27.7 | 25.4 | 20.5 | 18.4 | 15.7 | 15.9 | 14.9 | 12.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 |
| Belarus | 0.6 | 3.1 | 8.5 | 12.8 | 17.7 | 24.4 | 17.1 | 14.0 | 12.8 | 12.2 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 |
| Belize | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 11.1 | 12.5 | 13.8 | 12.7 | 14.3 | 12.8 | 10.8 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 7.9 | 9.1 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 7.0 |
| Bermuda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bolivia | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 7.9 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.1 |
| Brazil | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 8.3 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 8.5 | 11.6 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 13.7 | 13.2 | 9.2 | 7.9 | 7.6 |
| Barbados | 22.3 | 22.9 | 24.5 | 23.0 | 19.7 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 12.2 | 9.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 7.5 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 |
| Bhutan | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 2.9 |
| Botswana | 13.8 | 16.3 | 18.8 | 21.2 | 21.4 | 21.6 | 21.0 | 20.9 | 18.2 | 15.9 | 18.5 | 21.3 | 23.8 | 21.8 | 19.8 | 17.8 | 17.0 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 17.9 | 18.1 | 18.0 | 18.2 | 18.5 | 18.9 | 19.3 | 19.7 | 19.7 | 20.1 | 21.0 | 23.1 | 23.6 | 23.4 | 23.1 |
| Central African Republic | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| Canada | 10.3 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 10.4 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 9.7 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 6.5 |
| Central Europe and the Baltics | 9.6 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 10.6 | 12.2 | 13.5 | 14.0 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 12.0 | 10.1 | 7.8 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 7.8 | 6.5 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
| Switzerland | 1.8 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 |
| Channel Islands | 5.9 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 |
| Chile | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 10.9 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 9.0 | 9.1 |
| China | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 6.6 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Cameroon | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 |
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
| Congo, Rep. | 19.9 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 20.2 | 20.2 | 20.0 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 19.7 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 19.8 | 19.6 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 19.8 | 19.3 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 19.8 | 19.7 | 20.0 | 20.2 | 20.6 | 20.7 | 20.4 | 22.2 | 22.0 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 19.7 |
| Colombia | 10.1 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 11.8 | 12.1 | 15.0 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 15.0 | 14.5 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 12.1 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 16.0 | 13.9 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 |
| Comoros | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 |
| Cabo Verde | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.5 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 12.0 | 11.9 |
| Costa Rica | 5.4 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 9.0 | 10.8 | 16.4 | 15.1 | 11.3 | 8.3 | 7.8 |
| Caribbean small states | 15.0 | 15.5 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 12.3 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 12.2 | 11.6 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 8.9 |
| Cuba | 8.3 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
| Curacao | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cayman Islands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cyprus | 3.0 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 12.1 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 13.0 | 11.2 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.6 |
| Czechia | 2.3 | 2.6 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.5 |
| Germany | 5.3 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.4 |
| Djibouti | 25.7 | 26.0 | 26.7 | 27.1 | 27.3 | 27.2 | 27.2 | 27.0 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 26.6 | 26.6 | 26.5 | 26.4 | 26.5 | 26.4 | 26.3 | 26.2 | 26.3 | 26.4 | 26.3 | 26.2 | 26.2 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 26.0 | 26.1 | 26.2 | 26.3 | 27.7 | 27.7 | 26.3 | 26.2 | 25.9 |
| Dominica | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Denmark | 9.1 | 9.0 | 10.7 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 5.6 |
| Dominican Republic | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Algeria | 20.6 | 24.4 | 26.2 | 27.7 | 31.8 | 28.3 | 25.4 | 26.9 | 28.5 | 29.8 | 27.3 | 25.9 | 23.7 | 17.7 | 15.3 | 12.3 | 13.8 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 14.1 | 13.6 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 11.4 |
| East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
| Early-demographic dividend | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.3 |
| East Asia & Pacific | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 |
| Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) | 4.4 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 11.0 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 6.9 |
| Europe & Central Asia | 6.9 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 9.7 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.4 |
| Ecuador | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 4.8 |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | 9.4 | 8.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 12.5 | 11.8 | 9.9 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.2 |
| Euro area | 8.3 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.4 |
| Eritrea | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
| Spain | 15.9 | 17.7 | 22.2 | 24.2 | 22.7 | 22.1 | 20.7 | 18.7 | 15.5 | 13.8 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 11.3 | 17.9 | 19.9 | 21.4 | 24.8 | 26.1 | 24.4 | 22.1 | 19.6 | 17.2 | 15.3 | 14.1 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 11.4 |
| Estonia | 1.5 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 10.4 | 9.5 | 11.6 | 13.4 | 13.1 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 8.0 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 13.5 | 16.7 | 12.3 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 7.8 |
| Ethiopia | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
| European Union | 8.6 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 10.0 | 9.1 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.9 |
| Fragile and conflict affected situations | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.0 |
| Finland | 6.5 | 11.6 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 17.0 | 15.6 | 15.0 | 13.2 | 11.7 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 8.3 |
| Fiji | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| France | 9.1 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 12.6 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 10.2 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 |
| Faroe Islands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gabon | 17.3 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 17.8 | 17.4 | 17.3 | 17.2 | 17.2 | 17.6 | 17.8 | 17.8 | 17.4 | 17.1 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 17.8 | 18.3 | 19.2 | 19.8 | 20.4 | 19.9 | 19.7 | 19.8 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 20.1 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 20.1 |
| United Kingdom | 8.6 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 8.2 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.1 |
| Georgia | 2.7 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 14.5 | 13.8 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 13.8 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 17.9 | 20.7 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 19.7 | 19.4 | 17.4 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 13.9 | 12.7 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 11.5 |
| Ghana | 3.5 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
| Gibraltar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Guinea | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Gambia, The | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 7.8 |
| Greece | 7.6 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 11.3 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 12.7 | 18.0 | 24.7 | 27.7 | 26.7 | 25.0 | 23.5 | 21.4 | 19.2 | 17.0 | 15.9 | 14.7 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 10.1 |
| Grenada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greenland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Guatemala | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
| Guam | 3.5 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 7.7 | 14.0 | 15.3 | 13.2 | 11.4 | 9.7 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 13.3 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 |
| Guyana | 12.1 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 12.6 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 10.2 |
| High income | 6.6 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
| Hong Kong SAR, China | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 2.8 |
| Honduras | 4.6 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 11.0 | 8.5 | 8.8 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
| Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Croatia | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 11.4 | 13.6 | 16.1 | 15.8 | 15.1 | 13.9 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 11.1 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 13.7 | 15.9 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 16.2 | 13.1 | 11.2 | 8.4 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 5.2 |
| Haiti | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 11.0 | 12.2 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 15.5 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 15.1 |
| Hungary | 8.5 | 9.9 | 12.1 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 10.0 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.2 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.4 |
| IBRD only | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.1 |
| IDA & IBRD total | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| IDA total | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| IDA blend | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Indonesia | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| IDA only | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
| Isle of Man | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| India | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Not classified | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ireland | 15.8 | 15.0 | 15.6 | 14.5 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 12.6 | 14.5 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 9.9 | 8.4 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
| Iran, Islamic Rep. | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 12.8 | 11.5 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 12.1 | 13.7 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.2 |
| Iraq | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 9.2 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 14.1 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 15.5 |
| Iceland | 2.5 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.1 |
| Italy | 10.1 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 10.7 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 6.8 |
| Jamaica | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.9 |
| Jordan | 21.4 | 19.9 | 19.7 | 16.9 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 14.6 | 14.8 | 14.0 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 11.9 | 13.1 | 15.3 | 18.1 | 18.3 | 16.8 | 19.2 | 19.8 | 18.2 | 18.0 | 18.0 |
| Japan | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Kazakhstan | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 7.5 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Kenya | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.4 |
| Kyrgyz Republic | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.3 |
| Cambodia | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Kiribati | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| St. Kitts and Nevis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Korea, Rep. | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 |
| Kuwait | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) | 6.0 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 6.2 |
| Lao PDR | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Lebanon | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 11.6 | 11.5 | |
| Liberia | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| Libya | 18.5 | 18.8 | 19.0 | 19.3 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 19.0 | 18.9 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 18.7 | 19.0 | 19.2 | 19.3 | 19.5 | 19.0 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 19.7 | 19.5 | 19.0 | 18.8 | 19.1 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.3 | 18.8 | 18.6 |
| St. Lucia | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.8 | 17.0 | 15.8 | 16.3 | 20.5 | 21.6 | 18.1 | 16.5 | 18.5 | 20.4 | 22.2 | 21.0 | 18.7 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 12.7 | 15.4 | 17.1 | 18.9 | 19.1 | 22.2 | 21.6 | 20.9 | 19.9 | 19.1 | 19.3 | 15.6 | 25.2 | 20.5 | 15.9 | 11.1 | 10.9 |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
| Least developed countries: UN classification | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
| Low income | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.7 |
| Liechtenstein | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sri Lanka | 14.7 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 5.0 |
| Lower middle income | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Low & middle income | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 5.0 |
| Lesotho | 15.6 | 15.5 | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 15.9 | 16.0 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 15.8 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 16.9 | 18.4 | 18.2 | 16.7 | 16.5 | 16.1 |
| Late-demographic dividend | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.7 |
| Lithuania | 1.1 | 1.2 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 17.5 | 16.4 | 14.1 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 15.9 | 16.8 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 10.7 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 13.8 | 17.8 | 15.4 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 10.7 | 9.1 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 7.5 |
| Luxembourg | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.9 |
| Latvia | 2.7 | 6.6 | 16.7 | 18.7 | 19.0 | 20.7 | 17.6 | 14.5 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 10.0 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 17.5 | 19.5 | 16.2 | 15.0 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 6.3 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.7 |
| Macao SAR, China | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
| St. Martin (French part) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Morocco | 13.5 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 13.4 | 14.0 | 13.4 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 8.9 |
| Monaco | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Moldova | 1.9 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 8.5 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| Madagascar | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
| Maldives | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.6 |
| Middle East & North Africa | 11.4 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.4 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
| Mexico | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 7.1 | 5.5 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
| Marshall Islands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Middle income | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 5.0 |
| North Macedonia | 24.5 | 26.3 | 27.7 | 30.0 | 35.6 | 38.8 | 36.0 | 34.5 | 32.4 | 32.2 | 30.5 | 31.9 | 36.7 | 37.2 | 37.3 | 36.4 | 35.2 | 33.9 | 32.4 | 33.1 | 31.5 | 31.1 | 29.0 | 28.2 | 26.4 | 24.3 | 22.9 | 21.2 | 17.4 | 16.6 | 15.8 | 14.5 | 13.2 | 13.4 |
| Mali | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 |
| Malta | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.7 |
| Myanmar | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income) | 11.9 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 12.2 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| Montenegro | 30.2 | 30.3 | 30.3 | 30.3 | 30.3 | 30.2 | 30.3 | 30.3 | 30.7 | 30.6 | 30.7 | 30.4 | 30.5 | 30.4 | 30.3 | 24.8 | 19.4 | 17.2 | 19.1 | 19.6 | 19.8 | 19.8 | 19.6 | 18.1 | 17.6 | 17.7 | 16.1 | 15.2 | 15.1 | 17.9 | 16.5 | 14.9 | 14.6 | 14.1 |
| Mongolia | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 9.3 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 5.4 |
| Northern Mariana Islands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mozambique | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
| Mauritania | 10.0 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.4 |
| Mauritius | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 8.6 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Malawi | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Malaysia | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 |
| North America | 7.2 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.4 |
| Namibia | 19.1 | 18.9 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 21.3 | 22.8 | 24.5 | 23.1 | 21.7 | 20.3 | 21.0 | 21.5 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 21.9 | 22.1 | 22.0 | 22.3 | 22.1 | 19.5 | 16.8 | 19.0 | 18.5 | 20.8 | 23.4 | 21.7 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 21.0 | 20.9 | 19.7 | 19.4 | 19.1 |
| New Caledonia | 18.0 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 18.9 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 18.4 | 18.6 | 18.3 | 18.0 | 17.4 | 17.1 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 15.8 | 15.2 | 14.8 | 14.4 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 13.6 | 12.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 13.6 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 11.2 |
| Niger | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Nigeria | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
| Nicaragua | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 6.2 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 6.6 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
| Netherlands | 7.3 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
| Norway | 5.4 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.0 |
| Nepal | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 10.7 |
| Nauru | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New Zealand | 10.6 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.9 |
| OECD members | 6.8 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.9 |
| Oman | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Other small states | 7.6 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
| Pakistan | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 3.6 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 |
| Panama | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 14.7 | 10.2 | 8.1 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Peru | 4.9 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 |
| Philippines | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
| Palau | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Papua New Guinea | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
| Poland | 13.6 | 13.6 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 12.7 | 11.0 | 9.9 | 12.3 | 14.9 | 18.4 | 20.2 | 19.9 | 18.8 | 17.6 | 13.8 | 9.6 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.5 |
| Pre-demographic dividend | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
| Puerto Rico | 16.2 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 14.6 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 13.5 | 11.8 | 10.1 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 10.3 | 11.4 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 15.0 | 16.1 | 15.7 | 14.5 | 14.3 | 13.9 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 |
| Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
| Portugal | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 10.8 | 12.7 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 13.9 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.4 |
| Paraguay | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 9.4 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 6.1 |
| West Bank and Gaza | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 21.5 | 27.5 | 23.0 | 23.2 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 18.3 | 22.9 | 20.5 | 21.4 | 17.6 | 19.2 | 19.9 | 20.5 | 23.0 | 23.9 | 25.7 | 26.3 | 25.3 | 25.9 | 26.4 | 24.4 | ||
| Pacific island small states | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 |
| Post-demographic dividend | 6.3 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
| French Polynesia | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 13.0 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 11.8 |
| Qatar | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Romania | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.4 |
| Russian Federation | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 11.8 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 2.5 |
| Rwanda | 12.3 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 15.8 | 15.1 | 12.4 | 12.0 |
| South Asia | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
| Saudi Arabia | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
| Sudan | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 15.6 | 15.7 | 15.6 | 15.3 | 15.3 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.6 | 13.0 | 15.2 | 17.4 | 17.0 | 16.3 | 15.4 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 7.5 | ||
| Senegal | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.0 |
| Singapore | 2.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 |
| Solomon Islands | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Sierra Leone | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 |
| El Salvador | 7.5 | 7.9 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 |
| San Marino | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Somalia | 19.3 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 20.0 | 19.7 | 19.7 | 19.3 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 19.0 | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 18.9 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 18.5 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 19.4 | 19.7 | 19.1 | 18.9 | 18.9 |
| Serbia | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 13.8 | 15.2 | 18.5 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 16.1 | 19.2 | 23.0 | 24.0 | 22.2 | 19.2 | 17.7 | 15.3 | 13.5 | 12.7 | 10.4 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 7.4 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.8 |
| South Sudan | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.2 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 14.3 | 14.0 | 12.5 | 12.5 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.8 |
| Small states | 8.3 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 7.1 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 14.5 | 14.7 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 15.7 | 17.6 | 16.4 | 16.1 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.2 |
| Suriname | 17.1 | 17.3 | 15.6 | 12.7 | 8.4 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.3 |
| Slovak Republic | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 11.3 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 16.1 | 18.5 | 19.1 | 18.5 | 17.5 | 18.2 | 16.3 | 13.4 | 11.2 | 9.5 | 12.0 | 14.4 | 13.6 | 14.0 | 14.2 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 9.7 | 8.1 | 6.5 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.2 |
| Slovenia | 7.1 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.4 |
| Sweden | 3.2 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 8.5 |
| Eswatini | 20.7 | 21.1 | 21.8 | 21.7 | 21.7 | 22.1 | 22.5 | 23.2 | 23.8 | 24.5 | 25.2 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 27.2 | 27.7 | 28.2 | 27.8 | 27.4 | 26.7 | 26.0 | 25.1 | 24.4 | 23.8 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 24.5 | 26.4 | 28.1 | 32.9 | 34.2 | 35.4 | 35.1 | 34.4 |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Seychelles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Syrian Arab Republic | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 9.6 | 11.6 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 10.9 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 13.8 | 14.5 | 14.8 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.0 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chad | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
| Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) | 5.9 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 4.7 |
| Togo | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| Thailand | 2.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Tajikistan | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 7.1 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 11.6 |
| Turkmenistan | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 4.7 | 8.3 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 12.2 | 12.7 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.3 |
| Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.6 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 8.3 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
| Timor-Leste | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
| Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) | 11.9 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 12.2 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 12.8 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| Tonga | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
| South Asia (IDA & IBRD) | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.6 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.8 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 18.5 | 19.7 | 19.8 | 18.4 | 17.2 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 14.2 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 10.9 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.5 |
| Tunisia | 15.9 | 15.6 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.3 | 16.1 | 15.9 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 18.3 | 17.6 | 15.9 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 15.6 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 17.2 | 17.7 | 16.6 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 16.2 |
| Turkiye | 8.2 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 11.9 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 9.4 | 8.4 |
| Tuvalu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tanzania | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Uganda | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
| Ukraine | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 5.6 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 11.3 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 11.1 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 9.5 | 9.8 | |||
| Upper middle income | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 |
| Uruguay | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 12.6 | 15.1 | 16.6 | 16.7 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 8.4 |
| United States | 6.8 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.1 |
| Uzbekistan | 1.9 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 11.3 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 8.2 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 19.8 | 19.5 | 19.7 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.3 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.8 | 21.1 | 20.6 | 20.0 | 19.5 | 19.4 | 19.2 | 18.9 | 18.8 | 19.4 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 19.9 | 19.4 | 19.2 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 19.2 | 20.6 | 20.3 | 19.4 | 18.6 | 18.1 |
| Venezuela, RB | 9.5 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 8.6 | 10.2 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 14.5 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 16.2 | 16.8 | 15.1 | 10.7 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 5.9 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| British Virgin Islands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Virgin Islands (U.S.) | 11.7 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 15.2 | 14.3 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 12.0 |
| Viet Nam | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| Vanuatu | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
| World | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
| Samoa | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.6 |
| Kosovo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yemen, Rep. | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 13.3 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 17.9 | 18.4 | 18.6 | 17.6 | 17.2 | 18.0 | 18.3 | 17.4 | 17.1 | 17.1 |
| South Africa | 23.0 | 23.3 | 23.2 | 22.9 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 22.7 | 22.8 | 22.7 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 22.3 | 22.3 | 22.4 | 23.5 | 24.7 | 24.6 | 24.7 | 24.6 | 24.9 | 25.1 | 26.5 | 27.0 | 26.9 | 28.5 | 29.2 | 34.0 | 33.3 | 32.1 | 33.2 |
| Zambia | 18.9 | 19.5 | 19.7 | 18.6 | 16.8 | 15.3 | 13.3 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 15.9 | 13.2 | 10.6 | 7.9 | 10.6 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 6.0 |
| Zimbabwe | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 8.6 |
Global Unemployment Rates by Gender (2024)
The latest unemployment data for 2024 reveals significant insights into labor force challenges across countries, with sharp contrasts not only in national rates but also between genders.
Countries with Highest Unemployment Rates
- South Africa tops the chart with a staggering unemployment rate of 32.3%, with female unemployment at 34.4%, the highest among all listed.
- Palestine follows with 31.4%, and a high but more balanced gender gap between males (31.7%) and females (30.1%).
- Rwanda (13.9%), North Macedonia (12.3%), and Spain (11.4%) round out the top five.
These nations reflect structural economic challenges, youth unemployment, and post-conflict or political instability, significantly impacting job availability—particularly for women.
Regional Labor Market Trends
- Europe shows moderate unemployment levels overall, with Spain (11.4%) and Greece (10.0%) still dealing with post-crisis economic recovery.
- Latin American countries such as Colombia (9.6%), Panama (8.6%), and Uruguay (8.2%) report relatively high female unemployment, often due to informal sector fluctuations.
Unemployment Rate Per Country by Gender – Male and Female in 2024:
| Country | Unemployment Rate (2024) | Male Unemployment Rate (2024) | Female Unemployment Rate (2024) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 7.2 | 6.6 | 7.9 |
| Australia | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.8 |
| Austria | 5.2 | 5.6 | 4.7 |
| Belgium | 5.7 | 6.1 | 5.3 |
| Burkina Faso | 3.4 | 2.5 | 4.3 |
| Bulgaria | 4.2 | 4.4 | 3.9 |
| Brazil | 6.8 | 5.6 | 8.4 |
| Bhutan | 3.3 | 2.7 | 4.1 |
| Canada | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.0 |
| Switzerland | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.6 |
| Chile | 8.7 | 8.1 | 9.5 |
| Colombia | 9.6 | 8.0 | 11.9 |
| Costa Rica | 6.9 | 6.4 | 7.8 |
| Cyprus | 4.9 | 4.6 | 5.1 |
| Czechia | 2.6 | 2.3 | 3.0 |
| Germany | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.1 |
| Denmark | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.5 |
| Dominican Republic | 5.3 | 3.2 | 8.1 |
| Ecuador | 3.5 | 2.8 | 4.4 |
| Spain | 11.4 | 10.2 | 12.7 |
| Estonia | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.5 |
| Finland | 8.4 | 9.2 | 7.6 |
| France | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.2 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.1 |
| Greece | 10.0 | 7.9 | 12.7 |
| Hong Kong, China | 3.0 | 3.6 | 2.4 |
| Honduras | 4.9 | 4.0 | 6.3 |
| Croatia | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Hungary | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.4 |
| India | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 |
| Ireland | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Italy | 6.5 | 5.9 | 7.3 |
| Japan | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.4 |
| Republic of Korea | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
| Saint Lucia | 10.2 | 9.4 | 11.2 |
| Lithuania | 7.1 | 7.8 | 6.5 |
| Latvia | 6.9 | 8.0 | 5.8 |
| Republic of Moldova | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.2 |
| Mexico | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
| North Macedonia | 12.3 | 13.2 | 11.0 |
| Malta | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.0 |
| Netherlands | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.8 |
| New Zealand | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.9 |
| Panama | 8.6 | 6.6 | 11.3 |
| Peru | 5.2 | 4.4 | 6.1 |
| Poland | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.0 |
| Portugal | 6.5 | 6.1 | 6.9 |
| Paraguay | 5.7 | 4.4 | 7.3 |
| Palestine | 31.4 | 31.7 | 30.1 |
| Romania | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.1 |
| Russian Federation | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
| Rwanda | 13.9 | 11.7 | 16.4 |
| Saudi Arabia | 3.5 | 1.9 | 11.2 |
| Singapore | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
| Serbia | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.4 |
| Slovakia | 5.3 | 4.8 | 5.9 |
| Slovenia | 3.7 | 3.5 | 4.0 |
| Sweden | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.5 |
| Thailand | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Türkiye | 8.8 | 7.1 | 11.8 |
| Uruguay | 8.2 | 7.2 | 9.4 |
| United States of America | 4.0 | 4.1 | 3.9 |
| South Africa | 32.3 | 30.4 | 34.4 |
Source
World Bank – Unemployment, Total (% of labor force), 2024
OECD – Unemployment Rates, Updated May 2025
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